Non-ideal solution

 Non-Ideal Solution:


A non-ideal solution is a mixture that deviates from Raoult's Law.


Characteristics:


1. Volume change: Mixing can increase or decrease the total volume.

2. Heat change: Heat may be absorbed or released during mixing.

3. Different interactions: Interactions between molecules differ.


Examples:


1. Ethanol and water (forms hydrogen bonds)

2. Acetone and chloroform (forms complexes)


Non-ideal solutions exhibit positive or negative deviations from Raoult's Law, affecting properties like boiling point, vapor pressure, and solubility.

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