Matter In Our Surroundings Class 9th Notes Science Chapter 1

Introduction

Everything is all our surrounding  is matter. Matter has scientific name of materials. 
   Example :- Pen, pencil, Human, etc.
Every thing is made up of matter.
Matter is made of very small particles.

States of Matter  

It is three states.

       Solid 
       Liquid
       Gas



Change in state :- Its change state form solid to liquitd and form liquid to gas and vice-versa.

    


Properties if matter

=> Solid- Solids have a fixed shape and volume.

=> Liquid- Liquids have fix volume but no fixed shape.

=> Gas- Gases have neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape


Effect of temperature :

Increase in Temperature:

 - Solids melt to liquids (e.g., ice to water)
 - Liquids boil to gases (e.g., water to steam)
 - Particles gain energy and move faster

Decrease in Temperature:
 - Gases condense to liquids (e.g., steam to water)
 - Liquids freeze to solids (e.g., water to ice)
 - Particles lose energy and move slower


Melting  point


Melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes its state to become a liquid.


 Boiling  point

The temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas.
      
 Example: The boiling point of water is 100°C, meaning water turns into steam at 100°C.


Latent heat of fusion

Latent heat of fusion is the energy required to change a substance from solid to liquid state without changing its temperature.


Latent heat of vaporization

Latent heat of vaporization is the energy required to change a liquid into a gas without changing its temperature.


Evaporation 

Evaporation is when a liquid turns into vapor or gas.

Example: Water evaporates when heated by the sun.


Factors affecting evaporation

1. Temperature: Higher temperature increases evaporation rate.
2. Surface Area: Larger surface area increases evaporation rate.
3. Humidity: Lower humidity increases evaporation rate.
4. Wind Speed: Higher wind speed increases evaporation rate.
5. Pressure: Lower pressure increases evaporation rate.



Some quantities and their units 









Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Electric Dipole

  Electric Dipole  An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance. It's a fundamental concept in physics. Key Characteristics:  1. Dipole Moment: p = qd, where q is the charge and d is the separation distance. 2. Electric Field: The electric field due to a dipole decreases rapidly with distance. 3. Torque : A dipole experiences a torque in an external electric field.  Applications:  1. Molecular Interactions: Electric dipoles play a crucial role in understanding molecular interactions and properties. 2. Polar Molecules: Molecules with a permanent electric dipole moment. 3. Dielectric Materials: Electric dipoles are induced in dielectric materials in an external electric field. Some examples related to electric dipoles: 1. Water Molecule: A polar molecule with a permanent electric dipole moment. 2. Electric Field Lines: Dipole electric field lines emerge from the positive charge and enter the negative charge. 3...
Read more

Continuous Charge Distribution

 Continuous Charge Distribution  A continuous charge distribution refers to a system where charge is spread over a region, such as a line, surface, or volume. The electric field due to a continuous charge distribution can be calculated using integration. Types of Continuous Charge Distributions: 1. Linear Charge Distribution: Charge is distributed along a line. 2. Surface Charge Distribution: Charge is distributed over a surface. 3. Volume Charge Distribution: Charge is distributed throughout a volume. Formula: The electric field due to a continuous charge distribution is calculated using the formula: E = ∫ dE Where:  dE = Electric field due to a small element of charge  Applications:  1. Calculating electric fields: For complex charge distributions. 2. Understanding charge behavior: In various systems, such as capacitors and conductors. Some examples of continuous charge distributions: 1. Uniformly Charged Rod: Calculate the electric field at a point on the axi...
Read more